Phraseological units are important in expressing the national identity of the language, the culture, traditions and worldview of the people. Phraseological units based on the word "ear" also embody deep cultural meaning and linguistic features.

There has been a remarkable loss of interest in the study of literature among secondary school students these days. This has been attributed to a number of factors. Apart from the obvious laziness on the part of the students and the teachers, there is observable shift from recreational reading to electronic chatting generally. This paper reiterates the value of literature as a school subject appraises the approaches and methods over the years and recommends contemporary techniques that are believed will facilitate the teaching and learning of literature.

Urban transformations resulting from technological and economic changes have contributed to the emergence of a pattern of urban dispersion. Rapid transportation based on private cars, along with investment in road networks and the decline in land values on the outskirts of cities, have helped to create the phenomenon of urban sprawl and expansion. This has led to the absence of connectivity between city areas and the separation of residential, industrial, office, retail, and recreational areas. In contrast, concerns have escalated about traffic congestion in cities, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased energy consumption allocated to transportation, which has enhanced interest in active mobility patterns as a sustainable solution. Therefore, the problem of our research is that the urban transportation planning process in the city of Kufa is characterized by randomness and lack of sustainability principles, with neglect of the vital role of urban transportation and its effects on the health and psychological state of the city's residents and its association with economic aspects. The research assumed that following the principles of the active city and applying them in the city's urban transportation plans contributes to improving the quality of life for residents and addressing the problems associated with urban transportation in the city of Kufa. The research aims to evaluate the current urban transportation system according to the principles of the active city. The study concluded that the horizontal extension of the city of Kufa, the abundance of infrastructure for private vehicles, and long travel distances led to a reduction in reliance on active transportation. The design of residential neighborhoods in the city of Kufa encourages horizontal extension. It lacks a strategy of urban compactness or compaction, which forced the residents of the city of Kufa to rely primarily on private motorized transportation in the process of transportation, and with a direct relationship that increased environmental impacts and run-over accidents. The absence of encouragement and education, along with social customs, made active transportation in the city of Kufa socially unpopular.

Therefore, the planning of residential neighborhoods must be reconsidered, better communication must be provided, and infrastructure for walking and cycling must be provided according to the guidelines of sustainable urban planning. The wider spread of economic activities throughout the city may increase active travel and reduce the use of private motorized vehicles.

This article describes the pedagogical factors of choosing a military profession and preparing teenagers for military service in military academic lyceums.  There was expressed the importance of activities aimed at the formation of the motivational factors and value system for teenagers. Information was performed on the organizational and pedagogical conditions that ensure the effective formation of cognitive, personal, motivational, functional and activity readiness for military-professional education and specific military specialization.

This article describes the impact of professional and pedagogical deformation on teacher activity. Information is provided on the fact that professional and pedagogical deformation leads to a decrease in pedagogical efficiency, its impact on the mental and physical health of teachers, and is especially dangerous for young teachers. Information on methods for identifying professional and pedagogical deformation and several recommendations are also provided.

Reforms and initiatives applied to the field of higher education during the past decade focus particularly on extending the scope of communicative educational space and scientific fields integration. Consequently, linguistic competence contributing to significant acceleration of the processes of globalization and internationalization of the society as a whole becomes the key component of higher professional education. It is necessary to ascertain that the current system of language education in universities fails to deal with the tasks in hand comprehensively. The search for more efficient didactical tools and ways of organizing teaching processes culminated in choosing the paradigm of integrated education, specifically, integration of subject knowledge and foreign language. This approach is well-renowned in scientific and educational literature as CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning).

This research emphasizes their narrative stances and criticisms of colonialism. It compares and contrasts Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. The study uses narratological and postcolonial theories to analyze how the characters' experiences mirror and challenge European imperial ideas.

Through Robinson Crusoe's claim of dominance over the natural world and indigenous peoples, the story creates a colonial worldview that embodies the Enlightenment-era rationale for imperial expansion. Heart of Darkness, on the other hand, exposes the degrading impacts of colonization on both the colonizers and the colonized by dissecting the beliefs of European supremacy through a fractured narrative and an uncertain moral tone.

The study emphasizes how narrative tactics shape ideological underpinnings by tracing the development of colonial discourse from affirmation in Robinson Crusoe to critique in Heart of Darkness. By contrasting these writings, the study highlights their continuing significance in comprehending the intricacies of colonialism and how it is portrayed in literature, providing insights into the relationship between historical context and narrative form.

Elliptical sentences, characterized by the omission of contextually inferable elements, present unique challenges in linguistic analysis. These constructions, though prevalent in both spoken and written discourse, require careful consideration of syntactic, pragmatic, and cognitive factors for accurate interpretation. This paper explores the complexities of elliptical sentences in Modern English, drawing on various linguistic theories and methodological approaches, including transformational-generative grammar, pragmatic inference, and corpus-based analysis. The findings indicate that ellipsis is widely used in informal communication and advertising, while its interpretation often relies on contextual cues, leading to potential ambiguity. The discussion highlights the difficulties posed by regional and stylistic variations, as well as the implications for natural language processing and language teaching. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to fully grasp the intricacies of elliptical constructions and their broader applications in linguistic research and education.

This article discusses the effectiveness of all education systems depends critically on the quality of teaching and learning in the classrooms, workshops, laboratories and other spaces in which the education takes place 1. While outstanding teachers (including lecturers, trainers, tutors, and coaches), engaged students, well-designed courses, facilities which are fit for purpose, and a good level of resources are necessary if any kind of educational provision is to be excellent, they alone are not sufficient. The real answers to improving outcomes from vocational education lie in the ‘classroom’, in understanding the many decisions ‘teachers’ take as they interact with students.

Periodontal disease and periodontitis are different diseases, but many confuse them. An accurate diagnosis can only be made by a doctor after examining the clinical picture. And we will tell you how periodontal disease differs from periodontitis, solely for informational purposes.

As global demand for high-speed internet access grows, leveraging existing infrastructure has become a cost-effective solution for expanding connectivity. This paper explores the potential of cable television (TV) networks as an alternative to traditional broadband systems. By examining the technical viability, cost efficiency, and scalability of cable networks, this study highlights how these systems can bridge the digital divide, particularly in underserved and rural areas. Key innovations in hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) technology and DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) protocols enable cable networks to deliver reliable, high-speed internet services without requiring significant infrastructural overhauls. The paper also discusses challenges, including regulatory frameworks and network optimization, while proposing strategies to address them. Unlocking the latent potential of cable TV networks could provide an affordable, scalable solution to global internet accessibility challenges.

This article explores the contemporary strategies adopted by Saudi Arabia to ensure regional security in the Middle East. It highlights the Kingdom's efforts to strengthen alliances, combat terrorism, stabilize conflict zones like Yemen, and improve relations with Iran. Economic diversification under Vision 2030 and mediation in regional conflicts are also emphasized as key pillars of its policy framework. The inclusion of a summary table provides a clear overview of Saudi Arabia's initiatives and their impacts, making this analysis a valuable resource for understanding its regional role.

The relevance of the research is due to the transformation digitalizationofeducation, and changes in its common functions. The process of education digitalizationhasnegative and positive features and development trends. In particular, the educationdigitalizationreduces the importance of cultural and humanistic orientation of education, and its potential inthefield of person’s spiritual and moral education at the stage of primary general education. Inthisregard, this article is aimed at identifying effective pedagogical conditions for the primaryschoolchildren’s spiritual and moral education in a digital educational environment.

This article explores the significant contributions of Eastern thinkers to the development of mathematics and geometry, highlighting key civilizations such as ancient India, China, Persia, and the Islamic Golden Age. It examines foundational concepts such as the introduction of zero and the decimal system in India, systematic problem-solving methods in Chinese mathematics, and algebraic advancements by Persian scholars. The synthesis of knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age facilitated the transmission of these ideas to the West, profoundly influencing European mathematics. Ultimately, the legacy of Eastern scholars emphasizes the interconnectedness of mathematical thought across cultures and its lasting impact on modern mathematics.

This paper discusses the theoretical foundations of developing communication skills in preschool children through role-playing games. It provides an in-depth analysis of key concepts such as "communication skills" and "role-playing games," drawing on the theories of E.O. Smirnova and D.B. Elkonin. The study highlights the significance of role-playing games as an effective means of developing communication skills and fostering positive social interaction in young children. The paper examines the process of communication skills development within the context of peer interactions, the influence of roles and rules on children's behavior, and the role of adults in guiding and supporting the play.

The article discusses the effect of adding riboflavin to the diet of turkeys on their biological and economic indicators. The use of a yeast-based riboflavin preparation has shown a significant improvement in the growth and development of turkeys, expressed in an increase in the biological value of proteins, an improvement in the biochemical composition of the liver, an increase in live weight, growth rate and meat yield, as well as a decrease in feed consumption. Studies have shown that Rhodotorula glutinis yeast is a highly effective source of riboflavin. The optimal dosage of 4 mg per 1 kg of feed has a positive effect on the metabolism and development of poultry. Production tests have confirmed that the use of riboflavin in the diet of turkeys increases live weight by 8.5%, survivability by 4.0%, average daily gain by 8.5%, and slaughter yield by 6%.

This paper discusses the theoretical foundations of developing communication skills in preschool children through role-playing games. It provides an in-depth analysis of key concepts such as "communication skills" and "role-playing games," drawing on the theories of E.O. Smirnova and D.B. Elkonin. The study highlights the significance of role-playing games as an effective means of developing communication skills and fostering positive social interaction in young children. The paper examines the process of communication skills development within the context of peer interactions, the influence of roles and rules on children's behavior, and the role of adults in guiding and supporting the play.

Over the past decades, the modern world has undergone significant changes, among which the following should be highlighted: the creation of the World Wide Web and the globalization of all social, political, economic and environmental processes in the world. These and other changes have had a strong impact on the global education system as a whole. Thus, in European countries there is an increased interest in the study and application of various methods of teaching foreign languages, the specificity of which is not the use of a foreign language as a learning goal, but its use as a means of teaching.

Over the past few years, the concept of a green economy has been recognized as a vital mechanism for achieving economic progress in both developed and emerging nations. This study aims to analyze the role of the green economy in Indonesia's economic expansion based on an Islamic economic perspective. The research methodology employs library analysis and content assessment. The data sources utilized in this study were gathered from previous research, articles, regulations, and reference literature pertaining to green economics, economic growth, and Islamic economics. The results denote that the green economy bears tremendous potential to support economic advancement in Indonesia under an Islamic economic lens. By applying key tenets such as the obligation to safeguard nature and the judicious utilization of resources, Indonesia can cultivate a development paradigm that is sustainable and beneficial across all societal strata. This research recommends that private and public sector entities continue endorsing and integrating green economy principles moving forward. Specifically, Islamic financial instruments can be directed toward eco-friendly investments like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, green technologies, and environmentally-conscious infrastructure. Such participations from Islamic economics in "greening" the economy signify promising trajectories aligning ethical and sustainable finance. As the world grapples with urgent ecological crises, policy frameworks in Indonesia should incentivize collective societal and commercial transitions toward greener fiscal practices. Islamic finance with its underlying moral philosophy can potentially transform finance itself into an apparatus upholding both economic and environmental welfare.

This article discusses the semantic harmony of some proverbs from the Uzbek folk art and proverbs from English folklore. The analysis of lexical and grammatical means that ensure spiritual integrity in proverbs is introduced. The reasons for the commonalities in the folklore samples of both peoples are explained.

The swift development of digital technology has changed the character of international conflict by altering the balance of power and the strategic exchanges between superpowers. This study compares the United States and China to investigate how the digital revolution affects international conflict. It looks at how both countries use digital tools, such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and surveillance technology, to accomplish geopolitical goals and establish their dominance.

The study explores the development of digital tactics in fields like economic pressure, information manipulation, and cyberwarfare, emphasizing their consequences for international security and stability. China has a state-controlled strategy to incorporate digital transformation with its national objectives, whereas the US prioritizes innovation and international collaborations to preserve its technological advantage.

The report identifies the hazards and opportunities presented by digital technology through case studies and policy analysis, such as the possibility of conflict escalation and the decline of trust in international relations. The results highlight the necessity of multilateral collaboration and the development of standards to control the use of digital tools during times of conflict.

This study advances our knowledge of how digital transformation impacts power dynamics and emphasizes how it will influence international conflicts in the future in a rapidly changing world.

Localization of fillers added to polymeric materials is considered one of the urgent issues in Japan. Localization of fillers makes it possible to reduce costs in the construction of industrial enterprises by up to 30% and reduce the production time of polymer composite products by up to 2 times, increase labor productivity by several times and, accordingly, reduce the cost of finished products by optimizing jobs. The unrepeatable rich composition of basalt ore leads to an increase in its field of use. This gives scientists the task of creating new technologies by making changes to traditional technologies that are theoretically and practically important in production. Among these tasks, the development of technologies for using local raw materials - natural basalt as a filler for polymers - is of particular importance.Currently, scientific research is being conducted in the world to increase thermostability of polymer composite materials, tolerance to aggressive environments, increase shelf life, improve physical and mechanical properties, and study the effect of fillers added to these properties. In this regard, it is necessary to expand the capabilities of materials for long-term and extreme conditions. Special attention is paid to natural basalt and reinforcing fillers.

Preserving local genius is one of the ways to keep values existed in a society. In relation to that this present study aims to identify the procedures of traditional games called megoak-goakan , and reveal the ethno-pedagogy values contained within megoakgoakan. This study employs a qualitative view and utilizes ethnographic study. The setting of the study is in Buleleng regency, Bali. In order to collect the data, the researcher utilizes interview, observation sheet, and field notes. The interviewees were decided through purposive s sampling. Further, there are three main components of the data analysis comprising data reduction, data modelling, and conclusion. Based on the investigation, it is revealed that the procedures of traditional game of megoak-goakan are as follows: form a group, decide the snake group and the crow groups, line up and holding each other, determine the tail of the snake, the crow starts hunting the snake tail, while the head of the snake prevents it, the crow and the snake move freely as the agreement stated, the crow shouts as it catch the tail, and winning and losing are decided by whether or not the crow is able to catch the tail. In addition, this game is also expected to bring philosophical, anthropological, sociological, and psychological values.

In the initial stage of periodontitis, when there is no displacement of teeth, tremors and diastema are absent, which are more often observed in patients with partial secondary adentia, orthopedic treatment (splinting) is not indicated. In this case, it is mandatory to treat partial secondary adentia, taking into account the reserve capabilities of the supporting teeth. In other cases, it is necessary to carry out treatment aimed at restoring blood circulation and relieving inflammatory phenomena in tissues, treating somatic pathology, and restorative therapy.

This article presents the results of research on the study of some biological and ecological features of one of the species of Crataegus – C. turkestanica Pojark. Issues such as the association of this species with plant communities, the density of individuals in cenopopulations, the influence of environmental factors on fruit yield were studied and the operational reserves of fruits in the studied territory were calculated.

The development of logical thinking skills in preschool children is important in their cognitive development. This article will bring effective ways to teach children to think logically. Through games, interactive activities, art and creative activities, as well as Q & A processes, children's thinking skills can be enhanced. These techniques help children develop problem solving, understanding cause-and-effect relationships, and creative thinking skills.

This article discusses the theoretical foundations, practical mechanisms and ways to increase the effectiveness of the development of socio-moral competencies. The study of this topic serves to ensure the quality of education and the development of students' personalities.

This work analyzes the importance and methods of developing foreign languages, particularly German, within the context of modern education systems. The article emphasizes the significance of learning foreign languages in areas such as economics, science, and culture, with special attention given to the role of German in international communication and collaboration. The study highlights the need to implement modern, interactive, and student-centered teaching methods to effectively teach German.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of a differentiated approach to developing students' competence in using digital technologies. Within the framework of the differentiated approach, a methodology for organizing the educational process is proposed, taking into account the individual characteristics, level of preparation, interests and needs of students.

Aim and Context: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of chronic intrauterine hypoxia on cerebrovascular pathology in newborns. This is an important topic because hypoxia (a lack of oxygen) in the womb can have a significant effect on the development of the brain and the central nervous system of the child.

Study of Endothelial Dysfunction Markers: The author conducted research on the levels of endothelin-1 in the blood of newborns. Endothelin-1 is a biologically active substance produced by vascular endothelial cells. Elevated levels of this marker may indicate vascular endothelial damage or dysfunction.

Study of Hemostasis Parameters: Hemostasis is the process of controlling bleeding, and in the article, the author also investigated several hemostatic parameters, including the level of fibrinogen, which is an important factor in the blood clotting process.

Results: The levels of fibrinogen and endothelin-1 were found to be elevated in newborns who experienced chronic intrauterine hypoxia. This may indicate disturbances in the blood clotting system and vascular endothelial function. Elevated levels of endothelin-1 can also affect cerebral hemodynamics, i.e., the blood supply to the brain.

Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of researching cerebrovascular pathology and endothelial dysfunction markers in newborns, especially those who experienced hypoxia before or during childbirth. This helps understand the biochemical changes associated with this pathology and what precautionary measures or treatments can be applied.

This article examines the art of translation, its complexities and a number of problems that we may encounter in this process, as well as the importance of the role of culture and modern technologies in the field of translation studies. In addition, in order to perfectly convey the original meaning of the source being translated from one language to another, it is important not only to have linguistic knowledge, but also to study intercultural differences, context, and stylistic features in depth. Solving these problems requires deep knowledge of language and culture from translators. Today, modern technologies, new mobile and computer programs, in improving the quality of translation, make language learning easier, which in turn leads to further strengthening ties between peoples.

In private ESL education, the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools offers great potential to improve teaching methods. With basic technical skills, teachers can use AI to optimise lesson creation and delivery, resulting in effective and varied learning experiences for students. Learn three ways to use AI and what it can do for teachers of English as a foreign language.