Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) have become a fundamental component of modern power electronics, offering significant advantages over traditional linear power supplies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of SMPS, emphasizing their efficiency, compactness, and versatility in various applications. By utilizing high-frequency switching techniques, SMPS can convert electrical power with minimal energy loss, making them ideal for applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial systems and renewable energy technologies. The paper explores different topologies of SMPS, including buck, boost, and flyback converters, highlighting their unique features and applications. Additionally, the discussion includes the challenges faced in designing SMPS, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and thermal management. Finally, the paper underscores the critical role of SMPS in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints in an era where sustainable energy practices are paramount. Through this exploration, the study reaffirms the importance of SMPS as a cornerstone of modern power electronics and its relevance in advancing technological innovations.

The problem of early diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction remains important in dentistry today. The prevalence rate of diseases of the temporomandibular joint ranges from 35% to 83% according to various researchers.