This article discusses the predicate category, which, like grammatical categories, has its own valency potential and is an independent grammatical category. At the same time, it is stated that the predicate category is a superparadigm formed by a combination of several categories, such as affirmation-negation, mood-modality, tense, person-number.

This paper explores the concept of authorial evidentiality in modern artistic discourse, focusing on how artists convey the sources of their knowledge, experiences, and influences within their work. Authorial evidentiality refers to the strategies and techniques through which creators indicate the origin of their ideas, whether derived from personal experience, external sources, or collaborative efforts. In modern artistic practices, this evidentiality is realized in diverse ways, from overt statements and references to subtler, implicit cues embedded in the artwork itself. The study examines various examples of visual art, literature, and performance to uncover how authors and artists negotiate the relationship between their work and its evidential sources.

This article explores the image of the shepherd as one of the oldest and most universal symbols in history, reflecting the human connection with nature, as well as the ideas of wisdom, simplicity, and care. The paper examines its symbolic and religious roots, the evolution of the shepherd’s image in modern life, and its significance across different historical periods and cultures.

Since this chapter is devoted to the content of teaching combined skills and abilities, this paragraph will solve only the first of these tasks - the selection of the most typical grammatical errors, as a result of which it will be possible to determine the language gap. Skills that work in prepared speech, for example, in reciting well-remembered, standardized thematic messages often cease to work when students are required to form new speech connections, even at the same level of difficulty and using the combined supports mentioned in the previous section. Therefore, it is not without reason that authors who have studied the problems of unprepared speech pay special attention to the risk of a significant increase in the number of errors, and some researchers even propose to include correctness as a sign of unprepared speech in general. [186]. In their opinion, it is necessary to ensure the linguistic correctness of the combination or to completely abandon it. In this regard, the unity of the study of combination and such a methodological effect are of particular importance, which ensures the correctness of new speech combinations.

In the poetry of the great thinker Navoi, ghazals on the theme of news constitute a significant portion. Most of them begin with an appeal to characters who convey messages. We will examine this in the example of the great poet's ghazal, included in the divan "Badoe' ul-vasat" under number 366.

Fairy tales, across diverse cultures, exhibit unique variations while preserving core structural elements. This article explores how history, geography, and cultural norms influence the multiple versions of well-known stories. It examines shared narrative patterns, character archetypes, and moral lessons, highlighting the universal appeal and enduring global significance of fairy tales.

This article analyzes the genre of prayer in the work "Sabot ul-Ojizin" by Sufi Olloyar. The content of the work, its religious and moral-educational ideas, specific features of prayers are widely covered. In the article, the introduction of munojots as a genre into Turkish literature, their importance from the point of view of mystical, philosophical and spiritual education is scientifically revealed. The author analyzes such features as internal dialogue, appeal to God, spiritual education and moral values, internal and external conflicts, sincere feelings, and shows the place of Sufi Olloyar in the literary heritage. The article also emphasizes Shavkat Mirziyoyev's thoughts on the restoration of historical written sources and lithographs, and emphasizes the need to study this heritage on a scientific basis.

This article analyzes the formation of nouns in French from a linguistic and semantic perspective. From a linguistic point of view, the methods of formation of nouns, including word formation (derivation), composition (addition), formation through metaphor and metonymy, are considered in detail. Morphological analysis covers the change of nouns in gender and number, and syntactic analysis covers their functions in the structure of a sentence. The semantic analysis section studies the acquisition of a mobile meaning of nouns, synonym and antonym relationships, as well as their participation in phraseological units. The results of the study show that the process of formation of nouns in French develops under the influence of various linguistic factors, and this process is closely related to the dynamic development of the language. This article may be useful for researchers, students and linguistics enthusiasts engaged in French linguistics.

This article explores the mystical (irfaniy) perspectives of the 15th-century renowned Muslim poet and thinker, Mir Alisher Navoi, as reflected in his divan Foniy. Sufism and its teachings have long played a significant role in shaping Islamic thought, influencing human perception, self-awareness, and moral refinement. Alisher Navoi, as a distinguished poet of his time, deeply engaged with Sufi philosophy and incorporated its themes into his literary works. His Foniy divan vividly illustrates key Sufi concepts such as repentance (tawba), annihilation of the self (fana), unity (wahdat), and divine bewilderment (hayrat). The article examines Navoi’s poetic reflections on these spiritual ideas, particularly his view that love and divine truth transcend religious and physical boundaries. Drawing comparisons with the works of earlier Sufi poets such as Rumi, Hafez, and Sa’di, the study highlights Navoi’s mastery in blending poetic elegance with profound mystical thought. His expressions of religious tolerance and unity resonate with modern concepts of pluralism and inclusivity. Through a close reading of selected ghazals, especially his famous verse equating the Ka‘ba and the monastery, the paper sheds light on Navoi’s belief in the universality of divine love and the ultimate goal of spiritual unity.

This paper explores how linguistic units acquire varied interpretations based on context, illustrating the importance of contextual meaning for enhancing speech culture. By examining multiple dimensions—lexical, pragmatic, stylistic, and sociolinguistic—we show how context influences a word’s denotative and connotative meanings. Attention is given to the ways in which context-driven nuances prevent ambiguity and misunderstanding. The discussion emphasizes that speech culture, encompassing clarity of expression and suitability of style, is directly linked to a speaker’s ability to recognize and adapt to contextual cues. Context, serving as the “mirror” for linguistic units, not only reveals multiple semantic possibilities but also guides effective, culturally appropriate communication in settings ranging from everyday conversation to literature, politics, and formal discourse. Addressing both theoretical concepts and practical applications, this paper underscores the need for ongoing research into context to maintain and elevate the overall quality of speech in diverse communicative domains.