Guohua (Chinese National Painting): Theoretical Foundations, Key Concepts, And Aesthetic Principles

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the theoretical foundations, key concepts, main terminology, historical development, and aesthetic principles of Guohua (国画), China's traditional national painting. Particular attention is paid to the “Six Principles” (Liufa) proposed by Xie He, the Gongbi and Xieyi styles, as well as the philosophical and symbolic dimensions of the genres Shan shui (mountain-water), Hua niao (flowers and birds), and Renwu (figure painting). Drawing on international and Chinese scholarly sources, the article evaluates Guohua’s place in contemporary cultural processes, its transformations under globalization, and its significance in the context of cultural relations with Uzbekistan. The research findings demonstrate that Guohua is not merely a collection of traditional techniques but a vivid expression of Chinese philosophy (Daoism, Confucianism, and Chan Buddhism) and aesthetic thought. The article serves as an important theoretical and practical resource for art historians, students, cultural enthusiasts, and specialists in cultural exchange.