To evaluate whether the use of words in a literary text reaches the level of artistic expression or not, it is first necessary to have a clear understanding of words, their meanings, and the structure of these meanings. This is because additional nuances of meaning that emerge in connection with word usage can acquire a specific meaning through various descriptive techniques and devices. In linguistics, such phenomena are referred to as stylistic figures, poetic syntax, or sometimes rhetorical figures.

In literature, the concepts of homeland and native land are closely intertwined with national identity and historical memory. The works of Sergey Esenin and Erkin Vohidov provide a profound analysis of the linguo-cultural manifestations of these two concepts. Esenin's poetry vividly portrays the unique landscapes of Russian rural life and its culture, while Vohidov glorifies the spirit of independence and cultural heritage of the Uzbek people. This article examines the linguistic and cultural aspects of the concepts of homeland and native land in the works of these poets.

This article is devoted to the study of Turkish phraseological units, special attention is paid to the study and analysis of phraseological units with the “baş” component. The main goal of the authors was to study somatic phraseological units, which include the “baş” component, study their semantics, and analyze their use in oral and written speech. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: the study of the scientific literature on phraseological units; the study of scientific works devoted to somatic phraseological units of the Turkish language; finding sources related to the topic of the study, and collecting material; semantic analysis of somatic phraseological units with the “Baş” component; formulation of conclusions based on the results of the analysis. The article uses lexical-semantic and conceptual-analytical research methods. In the part of the article that illuminates the degree of knowledge of the topic, a comment is given to a number of noteworthy scientific papers. The article notes that language is a means of communication between members of society, serves a person as a means of helping to express their thoughts and inner experiences verbally and in writing, that each person, when presenting his thoughts, uses a number of ways to make his speech more beautiful and more informatively, that among these methods the use of phraseological units is the most effective. The authors emphasize that phraseological units enrich written and oral speech, and provide a more complete and clear presentation of thoughts.

The article carried out a study of 217 phraseological units in which the “baş” component functions, shows the difference in their content, structure and composition, analyzes the most frequent phraseological units with the “baş” component used in oral and written Turkish speech.

As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about the use of phraseological units with the “baş” component in various situations. Most of these phraseological units are used in a problem situation, the number of such phraseological units is 65. Along with this, the author notes the cases of using phraseological units with the “baş” component in the following situations: physical condition (29), mutual respect (17), in the process of excitement (14), and leadership (14).

This article examines contemporary methods employed in translating literary works into English, focusing on how translators balance linguistic accuracy, cultural adaptation, and stylistic fidelity. Adopting the IMRAD structure, the study investigates various strategies such as dynamic equivalence, communicative translation, and socio-cultural transposition. By analyzing these methods and their applicability to diverse literary genres, the research highlights effective approaches for preserving aesthetic elements and contextual nuances. The results indicate that successful literary translation depends not only on linguistic expertise but also on understanding the literary and cultural dimensions of the source text. Future research may explore the integration of technological tools to support translators and enhance quality control.

This article reflects on the importance of folklorisms in the work of the writer Isajan Sultan. His story” Robia Balkhi“, samples of folklorism in the stories” in the footsteps of Khazrati Khizr " are analyzed.

Cognitive linguistics plays a crucial role in understanding language evolution by analyzing how human cognition influences linguistic structures, meaning, and change over time. Unlike formal linguistic theories, cognitive linguistics focuses on conceptualization, metaphor, and embodiment as key mechanisms driving language development. This study examines the role of cognitive processes such as metaphorization, categorization, grammaticalization, and conceptual blending in shaping linguistic evolution. The research highlights how metaphorical mappings structure thought, how prototype theory affects word meaning shifts, and how grammaticalization transforms lexical items into functional elements. Conceptual blending, a cognitive mechanism that integrates mental spaces to generate new meanings, further explains linguistic innovation. Findings indicate that language change is not arbitrary but follows systematic cognitive principles, reinforcing the embodied nature of linguistic evolution. By integrating cognitive science, historical linguistics, and psycholinguistics, this study provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing language evolution. Future research should explore the intersection of cognitive linguistics with neurolinguistics and computational modeling to enhance understanding of the cognitive foundations of linguistic change.

This article examines the romantic hero, focusing on its defining traits and the emergence of the Byronic hero in Byron’s The Giaour. Through stylistic analysis, it explores how Byron uses epithets, metaphors, and personifications to shape the image of a rebellious, passionate, and tormented character. The study highlights the Byronic hero’s defiance, tragic destiny, and lasting literary influence.

This study critically examines the concept of authenticity in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) textbooks used in Iranian higher education. The research focuses on how well these textbooks align with the principles of authentic learning, which emphasizes real-world application, meaningful engagement, and the development of critical thinking skills. By analyzing a selection of widely used EAP textbooks, the study explores the extent to which they incorporate authentic materials, tasks, and contexts that prepare students for academic challenges in English-speaking environments. Through a combination of content analysis and expert feedback from Iranian EAP instructors, the study identifies both strengths and weaknesses in the representation of authentic academic practices. The findings suggest that while some textbooks offer valuable real-world examples and tasks, many still rely heavily on contrived or overly simplified content, limiting their practical utility for students. The study concludes by offering recommendations for improving the authenticity of EAP materials to better equip Iranian students for the academic demands of international higher education.

This article examines the role of pronouns in the English language from multiple perspectives, including historical development, grammatical structure, sociolinguistic variation, and contemporary issues of inclusivity. It highlights how pronouns serve as vital tools for referring to people, objects, and concepts, enabling speakers and writers to maintain clarity, cohesion, and efficiency in communication. By analyzing personal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns, the discussion illuminates the ways in which these forms convey subtle distinctions of person, number, and gender. The article also underscores how evolving social attitudes—particularly regarding gender identity—have spurred innovations in pronoun usage, such as the singular “they.” Through a review of historical shifts in pronoun forms and consideration of prescriptive versus descriptive approaches, the article emphasizes the dynamic nature of English pronouns, demonstrating their responsiveness to broader cultural and linguistic changes. Finally, it addresses pedagogical strategies for teaching pronouns in formal education settings, arguing that a nuanced understanding of pronoun usage can enhance language learning and foster inclusive communication.