This study investigates the relationship between volunteering, social trust, and life satisfaction among the "young-old" (aged 60-74) in China, with a particular focus on urban-rural differences. As China undergoes rapid socio-economic changes, understanding the determinants of life satisfaction for older adults is increasingly important. Volunteering, social trust, and life satisfaction are interconnected factors that influence the well-being of older individuals, yet the effects of these factors might vary between urban and rural populations. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of young-old individuals, this study explores how volunteering behaviors and social trust affect their life satisfaction across different geographical contexts.

Human Resource Management, HRM, is a comparatively new term. It refers to a basic philosophy, a way of doing things, which values people as assets, that is, human resources. Traditionally, all management may be a businessman, a government administrator, or a university dean, and is carried on with a view to making profits or achieving the given goals or fulfilling certain prescribed functions. They pursue the above goals or activities by seeing different factors as resources like raw materials, financial resources, and technologies. On the other hand, HRM is an approach in which sufficient attention is paid to the most valuable assets of the organizations, that is, the workforce. We know that all factors in production management are subject to fast changes, but human factors are sometimes unpredictable and subject to rapid changes.