This article explores the historical development of mathematics, focusing on ancient mathematicians and their significant contributions. It examines key civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece, and the Islamic Golden Age, highlighting their unique mathematical innovations. The study covers foundational concepts such as the base-60 system, the introduction of zero, and the axiomatic method established by Euclid. By analyzing the interconnectedness of these contributions, the article emphasizes the collaborative nature of mathematical knowledge and its evolution over time. Ultimately, it underscores the enduring legacy of ancient mathematicians in shaping modern mathematics.

This empirical study investigates the critical role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating within the hospitality sector. As the hospitality industry faces unique challenges, such as high employee turnover and the need for cultural adaptability, effective HRM practices are essential for enhancing organizational performance and maintaining a competitive advantage. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this research analyzes quantitative data from surveys conducted with HR managers across various hospitality MNEs, complemented by qualitative interviews with industry professionals. The findings reveal that strategic HRM practices, including recruitment, training, and performance management, significantly influence employee engagement, retention, and overall service quality. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of aligning HRM strategies with organizational goals and cultural contexts to foster a positive work environment. The insights gained from this research provide valuable implications for HR practitioners and policymakers in the hospitality industry, offering a framework for improving HRM practices in multinational contexts.

This study examines the historical lack of capital accumulation in Iran’s agricultural sector and its impact on the development of the industry. Drawing on historical economic data, government policies, and agricultural trends, the research identifies key factors that have contributed to the persistent capital shortages in this vital sector. It explores the effects of land ownership structures, agricultural practices, and external influences such as sanctions and geopolitical factors that have hindered investment and modernization in agriculture. By analyzing the historical trajectory of Iran’s agricultural policies and economic conditions, the study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the long-term challenges to capital accumulation and their implications for current agricultural development strategies. The findings offer insights into how overcoming capital barriers can promote sustainable growth in Iran's agricultural sector and contribute to broader economic development.