This study delves into the contemporary discourse surrounding the evolution of language and investigates the enduring influence of the historical concept of Scala Naturae. Tracing the roots of linguistic thought, the research explores how historical values, originating from the Scala Naturae perspective, persist in shaping current discussions on language evolution. Through an interdisciplinary approach encompassing linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science, this study offers critical insights into the implicit biases and assumptions embedded in contemporary theories of language evolution, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of the intersection between historical paradigms and modern scientific discourse.

This article defines the concept of “parentetic constructions”. The parentetic constructions of the modern Russian language and their text-forming features are considered. It is demonstrated that the study of parentetic constructions also has negative consequences. In particular, excessive use not only provokes verbal excess, but also causes the appearance of so-called “parasite words” in speech.

This research delves into the intricacies of the Reading Comprehension section in Iranian Ph.D. entrance exams, employing G-theory to analyze item types and text varieties. Titled "Navigating Cognitive Terrain," the study scrutinizes the cognitive demands posed by diverse item formats and text genres, shedding light on the nuanced complexities inherent in these assessments. By applying G-theory, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the reliability and consistency of these exams, offering valuable insights for educators, examiners, and policymakers seeking to enhance the efficacy of Ph.D. entrance assessments.

According to global linguistics, words that convey color are essential components of how objects look colorful in the mind. A person's memory preserves information about items and the colors they appear in. He or she later experiences associative memory restoration when exposed to an external trigger. One phenomenon being studied is language association. We discussed the connection of color associations with practice in this article.

This study conducts a thorough exploration of the utilization of picture books in preschool education institutions, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of their role in early childhood education. Through an in-depth investigation, the research delves into the various ways picture books are incorporated into teaching practices, their impact on cognitive and socio-emotional development, and the perceptions of educators regarding their effectiveness. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative insights from interviews and observations with quantitative data gathered through surveys, to offer a well-rounded perspective on the use of picture books in fostering learning experiences for preschoolers.

This article contains comments on modern and actual problems of linguistics today. Discussions on theoretical analysis features of linguistics are also presented.

This article talks about the role and importance of phraseologisms in the linguistics of the German language. The article talks about the scientists who researched phraseologisms and their opinions, including alternative versions of the terms phraseology and phraseologism. The introduction talks about the importance and role of phraseologisms today, and their linguistic essence. In the literature analysis, which Uzbek and German linguists conducted research in this field, the source literature that served as the basis for the creation of the scientific work base is discussed. In the section on methods and theoretical foundations, the German phraseology and phraseologisms are discussed.

This sociolinguistic study delves into the ongoing dispersion of front vowels in Austrian Standard German, exploring the dynamic shifts in vowel articulation. Employing a comprehensive investigation, the research analyzes speech patterns across diverse sociolinguistic contexts, considering factors such as age, region, and social variables. The study employs acoustic phonetics and sociolinguistic interviews to examine the intricate nuances of vowel pronunciation. Findings illuminate the evolving landscape of Austrian Standard German front vowels, providing valuable insights into the sociolinguistic factors influencing vowel dispersion and contributing to the broader understanding of linguistic variation.

This study examines the lexical-semantic groups of critical materials used in newspapers. The analysis focuses on identifying and categorizing the lexicon related to crucial topics and events in newspaper articles. A corpus of newspaper texts is used to extract and analyze critical vocabulary, with particular attention to the semantic relationships and thematic clusters of the identified terms. The study employs computational linguistics techniques to uncover patterns and associations within the critical materials lexicon. The results provide insights into the key themes and concepts addressed in newspaper reporting, shedding light on the language used to discuss significant issues in the media. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the lexical-semantic landscape of critical materials in newspapers and offers valuable implications for fields such as journalism, media studies, and computational linguistics.

As being, one of the most important types of folklore riddle is considered to be an international genre. Riddles encourage people to see things in different way. They define natural phenomena, personified animals and plants, household objects and give much information about our country to the whole world and at the same time inform us with the culture of the TL. While knowing foreign languages is so urgent, comparing foreign language folklore with the native one, finding out similarities and divergences is also an important task.

This article portrays specific features of English and Uzbek riddles. The article can be helpful to get enough information about riddles for students and researchers in education. By comparing English and Uzbek we can reveal the main linguocultural differences of riddles.

The article presents theoretically based opinions about the methods, technologies and strategies of using realia in vocabulary lessons. Also, its role in linguistics, the difference between realia units and other lexical units is revealed. The relationship of realia units with the people's way of life, worldview and culture and their role in increasing the vocabulary and reflecting the national color is explained.

In this article, conclusions are given about the speech effect on the addressee through speech acts of gratitude and its result. When the mental state of the addressee is affected through the analysis of speech acts of gratitude, emotional relations such as warmth, cheerfulness, joy, protest, and surprise appear in him; It is based on body movements and facial expressions as a response reaction.