Osteoarthritis of the hip is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by various genetic and environmental influences. This review emphasizes the contributions of key genetic mechanisms, particularly the COL2A1 and GDF5 genes, to cartilage damage and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and variations in these genes are linked to heightened risks and more severe clinical presentations of osteoarthritis, especially in patients following COVID-19. Furthermore, additional genes involved in inflammatory responses and cartilage metabolism also play a crucial role in disease development. The insights gained from genetic research may lead to innovative approaches to early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and improved management strategies for osteoarthritis. Future studies utilizing larger patient cohorts and advanced genetic analysis methods are essential to confirm these findings and enhance understanding of osteoarthritis, ultimately improving preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Financial stress among students has emerged as a critical issue, significantly affecting their academic performance and overall well-being. This abstract explores the multifaceted relationship between financial stress and academic outcomes, drawing on various studies, surveys, and theoretical perspectives to highlight the complexities involved. The increasing cost of education, coupled with rising living expenses and limited access to financial resources, exacerbates financial strain for many students. This strain manifests in various ways, including increased anxiety, reduced concentration, and lower motivation, all of which negatively impact academic performance.

Research indicates that students experiencing financial stress are more likely to struggle academically, exhibit higher dropout rates, and engage in fewer extracurricular activities, which are crucial for holistic development. Financial stress often forces students to take on part-time jobs, which can further detract from the time and energy available for academic pursuits. Moreover, the psychological burden of financial insecurity can lead to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, further impeding academic success.

Several factors contribute to the financial stress experienced by students, including tuition fees, accommodation costs, and the need for educational materials. The situation is particularly dire for students from low-income families who may lack adequate financial support systems. Scholarships, grants, and financial aid can mitigate some of this stress, but they are often insufficient to cover all expenses, leaving many students in precarious financial situations.

The impact of financial stress on academic performance is not uniform across all student demographics. Minority students, first-generation college students, and those from disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately affected. These students often face additional challenges, such as limited access to academic resources and support networks, which further compound the negative effects of financial stress on their academic outcomes.

Addressing financial stress among students requires a multi-faceted approach. Institutions can play a crucial role by providing more comprehensive financial support, offering financial literacy programs, and creating supportive campus environments. Policymakers can contribute by ensuring that financial aid systems are robust and equitable, and by implementing policies that reduce the overall cost of education.

Interventions aimed at reducing financial stress can have a significant positive impact on students' academic performance. These interventions may include increased funding for scholarships and grants, the provision of affordable housing options, and the implementation of on-campus employment opportunities that are flexible and supportive of academic schedules. Additionally, mental health support services can help students manage the psychological effects of financial stress, thereby improving their ability to succeed academically.

Currently, the efficiency of using water resources is observed to decrease sharply due to sudden changes in weather, therefore, the use of modern irrigation systems is considered to be the demand of the time. As a result of significant savings in water consumption, mineral fertilizer, and fuel lubrication materials, only the root part of the plant is moistened, and the amount of water wasted by evaporation is significantly saved. Damage caused by water flowing over the edge of the field is not allowed. Significant savings in labor costs are achieved.

The article is devoted to the study of clinical features of acute diarrhea in children with HIV infection. A comparative study of 261 children with HIV and 247 children without HIV was conducted. The results showed that children with HIV have a more severe course of diarrhea with frequent and prolonged episodes, marked dehydration, blood, and pus in the stool. These findings highlight the need for differential diagnosis and increased monitoring of children with HIV in acute diarrhea.

Azerbaijan, a nation characterized by its diverse climate and topography, faces significant challenges in water resource management. The efficient use of water resources is critical for sustaining agricultural productivity, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions that comprise a substantial part of the country. Low-intensity irrigation systems present a promising solution to these challenges by optimizing water usage and enhancing agricultural efficiency. This abstract outlines the scientific rationale behind the development and implementation of low-intensity irrigation systems in Azerbaijan, emphasizing the environmental, economic, and social benefits. Environmental Considerations

The adoption of low-intensity irrigation systems is primarily driven by the need to conserve water in a country where water scarcity is a pressing issue. Traditional high-intensity irrigation methods, such as flood irrigation, result in substantial water loss through evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation. Low-intensity systems, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, significantly reduce these losses by delivering water directly to the root zone of plants. This targeted approach minimizes evaporation and runoff, ensuring that a higher percentage of the applied water is utilized by crops.

Moreover, low-intensity irrigation systems help mitigate soil erosion and degradation, which are exacerbated by excessive water application in traditional methods. By maintaining optimal soil moisture levels, these systems promote healthy root development and soil structure, reducing the risk of erosion. Additionally, the precise application of water reduces the leaching of nutrients, thereby maintaining soil fertility and enhancing crop yields over time.

Economic Benefits

From an economic perspective, low-intensity irrigation systems offer significant cost savings to farmers and the broader agricultural sector. While the initial investment in infrastructure such as drip lines or sprinkler systems can be substantial, the long-term savings in water usage and increased crop productivity offset these costs. Efficient water management reduces the need for frequent irrigation, lowering energy and labor costs associated with water pumping and application.

Furthermore, the increased efficiency of water use translates to higher crop yields and improved quality, enabling farmers to achieve better market prices for their produce. The ability to cultivate crops with lower water inputs also allows for the diversification of agricultural activities, enhancing food security and providing economic resilience against climate variability and water scarcity.

Social Impact

The implementation of low-intensity irrigation systems also has profound social implications. Improved water management practices contribute to the sustainability of rural livelihoods by ensuring the availability of water for agricultural purposes, even during periods of drought. This stability is crucial for communities that rely heavily on agriculture as their primary source of income and food.

Additionally, the reduction in water consumption alleviates competition for water resources between agricultural and domestic users, promoting social harmony and reducing the potential for conflicts. The efficient use of water resources also supports broader national objectives related to water security and sustainable development, aligning with Azerbaijan's commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Currently, the efficiency of using water resources is observed to decrease sharply due to sudden changes in weather, therefore, the use of modern irrigation systems is considered to be the demand of the time. As a result of significant savings in water consumption, mineral fertilizer, and fuel lubrication materials, only the root part of the plant is moistened, and the amount of water wasted by evaporation is significantly saved. Damage caused by water flowing over the edge of the field is not allowed. Significant savings in labor costs are achieved.

Effective intercultural communication in teaching is essential in today’s increasingly diverse educational environments. This abstract outlines key strategies for enhancing communication across cultural boundaries within the classroom. These strategies include fostering cultural awareness and sensitivity, incorporating diverse perspectives into the curriculum, and adapting communication styles to accommodate different cultural norms. Additionally, creating a safe space for expression, encouraging active participation, and developing cultural competence are vital for promoting inclusivity. The use of technology and conflict resolution techniques further supports effective intercultural communication. By implementing these strategies, educators can cultivate an inclusive learning environment that respects and values cultural diversity, ultimately enhancing the educational experience for all students.