An individual educational trajectory is determined by the student’s educational needs, individual abilities and opportunities, as well as existing standards of educational content. The article describes the stages of developing a state educational program, developing an individual educational program or route, and forming an individual educational trajectory in chemistry based on electronic educational resources.

This article analyzes the role of children with special educational needs in the development of children. The educational process in special schools, the needs and motives of the individual, the essence of educational work, and the spiritual development of children are discussed. The analysis of work carried out in the field of oligophrenia, the attitude to the process of upbringing and education given to children with mental retardation is expressed.

In this article, the technologies of pedagogical communication and the development of national culture in the educational process are covered by the fact that they have a huge impact on the personal development of students and their place in society. Pedagogical communication refers to the development of interaction between the teacher and the student, the use of psychological and pedagogical tools in the process of mastering knowledge. And technologies for the development of national culture shape the national consciousness by instilling in students a sense of respect and sorrow for the cultural heritage, traditions of their people. This process teaches students to develop skills related to their culture, to understand and respect differences between different cultures. The use of these technologies in education increases the quality of education and serves the personal and social development of students. The effectiveness of the educational process depends on the activity of the students, their thinking, communication, and development of social skills. An important place in this is occupied by technologies for pedagogical communication and the development of national culture. Pedagogical communication allows not only to convey the teacher's knowledge to students, but also to allow the student's personal development, expansion of his worldview and active entry into social life. And the development of national culture forms in readers respect for the historical, cultural values of their people and encourages them to find their place in the modern global world.

The article expresses views on the protection of citizenship and the educational process, and the prevention of inevitable damage to the environment.

This article analyzes the genre of prayer in the work "Sabot ul-Ojizin" by Sufi Olloyar. The content of the work, its religious and moral-educational ideas, specific features of prayers are widely covered. In the article, the introduction of munojots as a genre into Turkish literature, their importance from the point of view of mystical, philosophical and spiritual education is scientifically revealed. The author analyzes such features as internal dialogue, appeal to God, spiritual education and moral values, internal and external conflicts, sincere feelings, and shows the place of Sufi Olloyar in the literary heritage. The article also emphasizes Shavkat Mirziyoyev's thoughts on the restoration of historical written sources and lithographs, and emphasizes the need to study this heritage on a scientific basis.

This article presents ideas on the essence of didactic games, forms of using didactic games in lessons, the role and importance of didactic games in the formation of mathematical ideas. Also, the types of didactic games and the conditions for their use in lessons are described.

The article examines professional pedagogical culture, the main mechanisms used in the development of professional pedagogical culture, the practical situation and parameters for the formation of professional pedagogical culture of physical education students.

In thе cоnditiоns оf thе mоdеrn еducatiоnal prоcеss, an impоrtant dirеctiоn is thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf crеativе abilitiеs in childrеn. Оnе оf thе еffеctivе ways оf this is thе intеgratiоn оf music thеrapy with mоdеrn pеdagоgical tеchnоlоgiеs, which cоntributеs tо thе harmоniоus dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе child's pеrsоnality, imprоving thе еmоtiоnal backgrоund and crеating cоnditiоns fоr sеlf-еxprеssiоn. Thе usе оf music thеrapy in еducatiоnal practicе allоws childrеn nоt оnly tо dеvеlоp crеativе abilitiеs, but alsо tо incrеasе thе lеvеl оf sоcial adaptatiоn, imprоvе intеrpеrsоnal intеractiоns and еxpand thе hоrizоns оf pеrcеptiоn оf thе surrоunding wоrld. Thus, thе intеgratiоn оf music thеrapy and еducatiоnal tеchnоlоgiеs оpеns up nеw оppоrtunitiеs fоr thе crеativе dеvеlоpmеnt оf childrеn, strеngthеning thеir psychо-еmоtiоnal hеalth and succеssful sоcializatiоn in mоdеrn sоciеty.

This paper explores the educational philosophy of Abdukadir Shakuri, a prominent figure of the Jadid reform movement in Central Asia. Shakuri advocated a holistic model of education that integrates moral and spiritual development with academic breadth, practical skills, and cultural consciousness. He emphasized the importance of character formation rooted in Islamic ethics, yet open to universal human values and modern knowledge. Recognizing the need for updated pedagogical methods, Shakuri championed interactive instruction and student-centered learning, a departure from the rote memorization typical of traditional maktab and madrasa systems of his time. He also insisted on connecting education to real-world challenges, promoting vocational training and the inclusion of global subjects like science, foreign languages, and history. This approach remains relevant today for its balanced synthesis of faith and progress, advocacy of hands-on skills, affirmation of cultural identity, and dynamic methods of instruction. By reviewing Shakuri’s works and highlighting their contemporary significance, the study illustrates how his ideals can inform modern debates over the place of moral instruction, the practical utility of schooling, and the interplay of tradition and innovation in curriculum design.

Hippotherapy, a therapeutic method that utilizes horse interaction to improve physical and emotional well-being, plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation of individuals with physical disabilities. This abstract explores the organization and implementation mechanisms of hippotherapy sessions, focusing on the preparation, environment, and individualization required for effective therapy. Key elements include the creation of a safe, secure, and well-equipped space, the selection of appropriate horses tailored to the child's needs, and the gradual introduction to horse riding. Emphasizing the importance of a personalized approach, the preparation process begins with thorough assessments of the child’s physical, emotional, and psychological condition. Sessions are designed to progressively enhance motor skills, coordination, and balance, while also fostering emotional growth and self-confidence. The integration of both physical and emotional support, through structured interactions with the horse and careful monitoring, ensures a holistic and effective therapeutic experience. This approach not only aids in the child’s physical rehabilitation but also supports social integration, self-esteem, and overall well-being.

This study explores the effects of aural and written vocabulary instruction on second language (L2) listening comprehension. With the increasing importance of listening comprehension in second language acquisition, understanding the role of vocabulary instruction in enhancing listening skills is crucial. This study involved two groups of intermediate-level L2 learners, one receiving aural vocabulary instruction and the other receiving written vocabulary instruction. Pre- and post-test measures of listening comprehension were employed to assess the impact of each instruction method. The results revealed that both types of vocabulary instruction significantly improved listening comprehension, with aural vocabulary instruction showing slightly better outcomes. These findings suggest that incorporating diverse vocabulary instruction methods may lead to more effective listening comprehension outcomes in L2 learning contexts.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the methodology of intensive writing instruction for high school students, exploring its effectiveness in enhancing writing proficiency. Active learning, scaffolding, immediate feedback, and the integration of digital technologies are identified as the core components of this approach. The findings affirm the significant role of intensive methods in improving students’ writing skills and offer practical, innovative recommendations for educators. Focused on developing academic writing abilities in English, the study highlights the potential of intensive techniques to address existing challenges within the Uzbekistan education system, contributing to both theoretical insights and classroom applications.

The article examines the future drawing teacher and comes to the conclusion that the main components of the structure of professional qualities are the main components of the structure of professional qualities, and recommendations are given on the stages of development of professional qualities.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the process of organizing logarithmic teaching, which is of great importance in the development of speech and language of preschoolers, as well as the shortcomings of children who stutter. Logarithmic training, which is usually carried out with children who stutter, begins very early and is of great importance in the development of children's speech.

This article analyzes the process of the formation of the Samarkand school of epic poetry and the work of one of its major representatives, Ergash Jumanbulbul o‘Gul. The study highlights Ergash Jumanbulbul o‘Gul’s contribution to the art of epic poetry, his creative style and connection with folklore traditions. His repertoire, performing skills and influence on the development of the school of epic poetry are also analyzed. The article presents information on the traditions of Samarkand epic poetry, the role of folk oral literature and the process of the formation of epic poetry schools based on scientific approaches.

This article discusses the importance of teaching quantities in primary school mathematics lessons, the role of the topic in the development of primary school students, and the advantages and benefits of using modern computer technologies to explain quantities in primary school lessons.

This article covers the life and work of Mahmudkhoj Behbudi and his followers, particularly the Jadid movement that operated in the city of Karshi. A scientific analysis will be made of how Behbudi's enlightening ideas were continued, what reforms were implemented by his followers and students. The contribution of these modern figures to the process of science, culture, and national revival in Uzbekistan will also be considered.

Strategic management in preschool educational organizations fosters sustainable development, ensuring that institutions meet the evolving needs of early learners. This article explores the integration of contemporary methods and models that enhance operational efficiency, staff competencies, and holistic child growth. Emphasizing leadership, innovation, and stakeholder collaboration, it highlights strategies that reinforce adaptability, accountability, and continuous improvement. Ultimately, it underscores the importance of data-driven decision-making for shaping promising futures for young learners.

The article discusses the unique characteristics of elementary mathematical concepts and practical application skills in daily life for students with intellectual disabilities. It explores specific methods and pedagogical approaches aimed at developing mathematical ideas and practical abilities, as well as opportunities to apply them in daily activities. The research findings provide teachers with recommendations for effectively shaping mathematical concepts and skills for students with intellectual disabilities.

This article discusses the tools for improving responsibility skills of students in the "Pedagogy" and "Psychology" education tracks in a digital learning environment. The functions for determining the improvement of students' responsibility skills are analyzed.

This article examines the methodology for developing entrepreneurial skills in engineering sciences. Special attention is given to fostering and enhancing entrepreneurial competencies among students in the fields of electronics and mechatronics. The article highlights the necessity of training innovative and competitive specialists who meet the demands of the modern labor market. A three-stage methodology for entrepreneurial skill development has been designed, encompassing preparation, practical implementation, and outcome evaluation. The methodology aims to integrate technical knowledge with entrepreneurial skills, enabling students to build successful careers in the industry. Additionally, the article provides insights into sources for generating business ideas and practical recommendations for students embarking on entrepreneurial activities.

The development of the modern knowledge society demands continuous improvement and enhancement of the knowledge, skills, and abilities of educators. A highly relevant approach in education today is the competency-based approach, which aims at the creative and effective development of pedagogical mastery within the framework of professional development. For educators, an individual trajectory of competency development becomes crucial. This depends on their field of activity, personal preferences, and modern innovations. The article presents and analyzes the system of competencies for language instructors that contribute to the effective construction of the educational process in universities and the acquisition of relevant experience by students.

In this article we will get acquainted with the features of attention, which is one of the cognitive processes of students with mental retardation. Also in this article the features of attention of children with limited intellectual abilities and healthy children are considered. Information about damage and condition during the lesson is also explained in detail by our scientists. Also wonderful thoughts are expressed about the unique experiences of attention of students with mental retardation.

This article discusses the importance of physical exercises in the formation of the technical condition of students, the possibility of using physical exercises in the formation of the technical condition of students.

This article reviews the development of digital culture and competencies among future educators within a rapidly changing educational landscape in Uzbekistan. This work is carried out in line with global digitalization and, accordingly, increased inclusion of information and communication technologies into the process of education, investigating how digital literacy, cybersecurity, and ICT competencies have grown to be an organic part of teacher preparation. This paper is based on the responses of students in university teacher education programs, exploring existing digital competencies among future teachers, problems related to digitally enhanced tools integration, and implications of projects such as the "One Million Programmers" program of Uzbekistan. Recommendations are made to improve the existing structure on digital literacy in teacher education so that future teachers may experience skills that will help them practice their profession in society in light of required technological advancements. Emphasis is laid on developing inclusive, safe, and flexible digital learning spaces in a manner that contributes to the professional development of teachers, taking into consideration socio-economic determinants of digitization.

This article explores the psychological and pedagogical underpinnings of developing design skills, emphasizing the interplay between cognitive processes, emotional factors, and instructional methodologies. Drawing on creativity research, it highlights the dual importance of convergent and divergent thinking in generating and refining novel solutions. It addresses how self-efficacy and mindset influence learners’ willingness to engage with iterative, challenging tasks, and discusses the role of motivation and resilience in fostering a culture of experimentation. The paper also underscores the significance of teacher guidance and supportive classroom environments, illustrating how student-centered approaches, collaborative learning, and reflective practices can enhance design competencies. Additionally, it examines the impact of digital tools, cultural contexts, and the balance between mastery and performance goals on students’ creative abilities. By considering these interrelated factors, educators can implement strategies that not only build students’ technical expertise but also instill adaptability, empathy, and innovative thinking. Ultimately, the article argues that a holistic understanding of psychological and pedagogical principles is essential for developing design skills that prepare learners to address complex challenges in an evolving global landscape.

The study explores the possibilities of using modern educational technologies in organizing independent student learning (ISL) in physics in higher education institutions. It examines the characteristics, structure, and didactic support of technologies aimed at encouraging students to independently complete educational tasks, fostering interest in learning, and deepening knowledge in specific subject areas. The content of ISL involves performing practical tasks that contribute to the development of logical thinking, creative activity, and a research-oriented approach to mastering academic material. Relevant issues have been analyzed and conclusions drawn.

This article explores the deep-rooted traditions and cultural significance of equestrian sports in Uzbekistan, examining their historical evolution, socio-cultural impact, and modern trajectories. By focusing on the iconic game kokpar (also known as kupkari) and the longstanding practice of horse breeding, the discussion illustrates how equestrian heritage has shaped communal life, fostered social cohesion, and served as a symbol of identity for centuries. The study also highlights contemporary efforts to modernize and standardize these traditional sports—from professionalizing competition rules to enhancing infrastructure, safety measures, and media visibility. Finally, the article underscores the importance of educational programs, tourism opportunities, and collaborative research in preserving Uzbekistan’s equestrian culture and positioning it in the global sports arena.

This article explores the effectiveness of integrating game sports into physical education classes for students in higher educational institutions. Game sports, such as basketball, football, and volleyball, offer more than mere physical exertion; they contribute significantly to motivation, teamwork, and cognitive development. By tapping into competitive and cooperative drives, these activities enhance engagement, encourage long-term exercise habits, and reduce stress. Moreover, the social dimension of team sports fosters effective communication, problem-solving, and leadership skills that extend beyond the sports field, preparing students for academic collaboration and future professional challenges. Practical strategies for implementation include adjusting rules, team composition, and duration of play to accommodate diverse skill levels, thereby ensuring inclusive participation. Emphasizing positive values—fair play, respect, and mutual support—creates a psychologically safe environment that strengthens interpersonal connections and nurtures emotional intelligence. With growing emphasis on well-rounded student development, universities increasingly recognize that game sports can cultivate critical competencies such as adaptability, time management, and resilience. The discussion highlights how thoughtful integration of game sports can elevate physical education curricula, enrich the academic experience, and support the overall personal and professional growth of students in higher education.

The development of metalinguistic skills plays a crucial role in foreign language learning, enabling students to analyze, reflect on, and manipulate language structures beyond basic communication. This paper explores various methods for fostering metalinguistic awareness, emphasizing pragmatic, sociolinguistic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, and semantic knowledge. The study highlights the significance of metalinguistic transfer, where learners apply their understanding of linguistic concepts from their native language to a foreign language. Additionally, the role of audiovisual materials, practical assignments, and interactive classroom strategies in enhancing students' linguistic awareness is examined. The findings suggest that integrating explicit language reflection, comparative analysis, and communicative tasks into language instruction contributes to more effective foreign language acquisition.