This article explores the historical development of mathematics, focusing on ancient mathematicians and their significant contributions. It examines key civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece, and the Islamic Golden Age, highlighting their unique mathematical innovations. The study covers foundational concepts such as the base-60 system, the introduction of zero, and the axiomatic method established by Euclid. By analyzing the interconnectedness of these contributions, the article emphasizes the collaborative nature of mathematical knowledge and its evolution over time. Ultimately, it underscores the enduring legacy of ancient mathematicians in shaping modern mathematics.

Mathematics, Ancient, Mathematicians, Contributions

Boyer, Carl B., and Merzbach, Uta C. *A History of Mathematics*. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Gillings, Richard J. *Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs*. Dover Publications, 1982.

Katz, Victor J. *A History of Mathematics: An Introduction*. Addison-Wesley, 1998.

Struik, Dirk J. *A Concise History of Mathematics*. Dover Publications, 1987.

Joseph, George Gheverghese. *The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics*. Princeton University Press, 2011.

Robson, Eleanor. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History*. Princeton University Press, 2008.

Cramer, Daniel. *The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course*. Springer, 2013.

Sarton, George. *Introduction to the History of Science*. Vol. 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1927.

van der Waerden, Bartel L. *A History of Algebra: From al-Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether*. Springer, 1993.

Eves, Howard. *An Introduction to the History of Mathematics*. Saunders College Publishing, 1983.