This article examines the foreign policy approaches of Central Asian countries—Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan—in developing cooperation with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. It highlights key features such as economic engagement, security collaboration, and cultural diplomacy. The analysis reveals that Central Asian nations prioritize attracting Gulf investments to diversify their economies while seeking security partnerships to address regional threats. Additionally, cultural exchanges foster mutual understanding and strengthen ties. The study concludes that these multifaceted approaches not only enhance bilateral relations but also contribute to regional stability and prosperity in an increasingly interconnected global landscape.  

Urban renewal is a complex process that requires a delicate balance between preserving the cultural heritage and historical identity of cities, meeting contemporary residents' needs, and developing infrastructure. Thus, urban renewal refers to reviving and revitalizing historical centers without compromising their historical identity, as they represent a national economic wealth if exploited for tourism. The study seeks to demonstrate urban renewal in Iraq (which means a multi-faceted process coming from the context of a long history and a present full of challenges. After decades of wars and conflicts, Iraqi cities seek to rebuild themselves and raise them to a level that keeps pace with future aspirations), while clarifying the components and methods of urban renewal, challenges, and treatments in Iraqi society.  ‎

Nigeria has played a prominent role in peace support operations (PSOs) within Africa, particularly in regions marked by conflict, instability, and humanitarian crises. However, despite its active participation, there remain critical gaps in the theoretical and doctrinal foundations guiding Nigeria’s involvement in these operations. This paper critically examines the theoretical frameworks and doctrinal approaches that have shaped Nigeria’s peace support operations, with a focus on identifying their strengths and weaknesses. Drawing from a comprehensive review of policy documents, military doctrine, and case studies, the paper highlights the challenges faced by Nigeria in translating international peacekeeping theories into effective on-the-ground operations. Furthermore, it explores the limitations of Nigeria’s peace support doctrines in addressing complex modern conflicts, including those involving non-state actors, asymmetric warfare, and regional cooperation. The analysis suggests that while Nigeria’s contributions to peacekeeping are commendable, there is a pressing need for doctrinal reform and greater alignment with emerging global standards and regional peace strategies. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations for refining Nigeria’s approach to peace support operations to ensure better outcomes in future missions. ‎

This article is dedicated to the study of the ancient history of the Jizzakh Valley. The article discusses the methods used to study the history of Ustrushana, the results of archaeological excavations, and the importance of using local materials in the study of the valley's history. The article emphasizes that the research conducted in the Jizzakh Valley has revealed new information about the history of Ustrushana.  ‎

In the study, the seizure of power by the Soviet regime with the help of force of arms and the structure of the Council of People 's Commissars of Turkestan in the region are highlighted in the study. The policy of the Council of People 's Commissars in the Turkestan ASSR in 1917-1924 in the cultural sphere, its essence and the mechanism of its implementation, features are analyzed.  ‎

This article philosophically analyzes the issue of youth consciousness, which is the basis of society, and legal consciousness, which is a part of it. The content, structure and types of legal consciousness are briefly discussed. Today, it is difficult to imagine a democratic state without legal consciousness, therefore, studying the content of legal consciousness is an important issue.  ‎

Background: The plight of orphans, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has intensified due to increasing incidences of disease, conflict, and natural disasters. In Nigeria, the orphan crisis is driven by factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic, terrorism, and other forms of violence. Orphans in orphanages often experience a range of challenges, including abuse, malnutrition, poor healthcare access, stigmatization, and behavioral and psychological disorders. Although some interventions address material needs, there remains a significant gap in comprehensive care that integrates medical, psychosocial, and social welfare support. This study examines the medical and social challenges faced by orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna, Nigeria.

Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 100 orphans in three orphanages in Kaduna. Data collection involved the use of interviewer-administered questionnaires to gather information on socio-demographic characteristics, medical issues, behavioral patterns, levels of stigma, psychosocial well-being, and coping mechanisms.

Results: The mean age of respondents was 10 years, with 68% of the participants being male. Although 54.9% of the respondents had access to balanced diets, 53.7% were underweight, pointing to ongoing nutritional challenges. Medical concerns included clinical signs of illness in 33.7% of the children, and 46.7% were not fully immunized. Behavioral disorders were prevalent, with 27% of the children showing symptoms of hyperactivity, 22.3% suffering from enuresis, and 1.8% diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Despite these challenges, 83.3% of the orphans reported positive peer relationships, 89.2% had good self-esteem, and 97.8% attended school. However, instances of bullying (11.4%) and stigmatization (9%) persisted.

Conclusion: The study highlights the significant medical, social, and psychological challenges facing orphans in Kaduna orphanages. While access to education and peer support was encouraging, the high prevalence of malnutrition, under-immunization, and behavioral disorders underscores the need for integrated care models. A holistic approach to care, incorporating medical, psychosocial, and educational interventions, is crucial for improving the well-being of these vulnerable children.  ‎

This аrtiсlе еxрlоrеs thе соntrаsting аnd соmрlеmеntаry соnсерts оf реrsоnаl frееdоm аnd rеsроnsibility in Wеstеrn аnd Еаstеrn рhilоsорhiсаl trаditiоns. Whilе Wеstеrn рhilоsорhy оftеn еmрhаsizеs individuаl аutоnоmy аnd rаtiоnаl ассоuntаbility, Еаstеrn рhilоsорhy рriоritizеs rеlаtiоnаl hаrmоny аnd intеgrаtiоn with thе соsmоs оr sосiеty. By еxаmining kеy рhilоsорhiсаl frаmеwоrks frоm аnсiеnt tо mоdеrn timеs, this аnаlysis highlights hоw thеsе trаditiоns аррrоасh thе intеrрlаy bеtwееn frееdоm аnd rеsроnsibility. Sсhоlаrs suсh аs Sосrаtеs, Kаnt, Соnfuсius, аnd Zhuаngzi рrоvidе insights intо thе distinсt yеt intеrrеlаtеd wаys in whiсh individuаls nаvigаtе thеir rоlеs within еthiсаl, sосiаl, аnd mеtарhysiсаl соntеxts. Thе synthеsis оf thеsе реrsресtivеs оffеrs а nuаnсеd undеrstаnding оf реrsоnаl frееdоm аnd rеsроnsibility, rеlеvаnt tо аddrеssing соntеmроrаry glоbаl сhаllеngеs.  ‎

The role of language education in engineering colleges has gained significant importance as it directly influences students' academic success and professional communication skills. In Chhattisgarh, engineering institutions are increasingly focusing on integrating language teaching into their curricula, recognizing its crucial role in enhancing students’ overall competencies. However, the methods used to teach languages in these institutions have often been criticized for being outdated or insufficiently aligned with the needs of engineering students. This paper aims to critically revisit the current language teaching methods employed in engineering colleges of Chhattisgarh, identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. By reviewing existing teaching practices, curriculum design, and student feedback, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in language education for engineering students. The findings emphasize the importance of adopting more communicative and context-based language learning strategies that cater to the technical and professional requirements of engineering students, ensuring their preparedness for globalized work environments. This paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing language teaching methodologies, including the incorporation of modern technologies, interdisciplinary approaches, and more practical, real-world communication exercises. ‎

This article examines important aspects of developing professional-creative competency skills for students. Analyzes modern methods and strategies in increasing students ' professional training and creative approaches. The study highlights the effectiveness of interactive education, project-based teaching, and multistage educational techniques, as well as the applications of these techniques in the educational process and their impact on students. The article, practically analyzing approaches and methods aimed at developing professional-creative competence, promotes proposals for improving existing methods in the educational system.  ‎

The Directorate of Art Exhibitions of Uzbekistan plays a pivotal role in promoting the visual arts and fostering cultural enrichment through personal exhibitions. This article explores the role and significance of the easel painting collection within the Directorate's activities, highlighting its contribution to the organization and success of personal exhibitions. The study examines how these collections serve as a cultural and educational resource, enabling artists to showcase their creativity while preserving the nation’s artistic heritage. The analysis also considers the impact of the easel painting collection on audience engagement, the development of contemporary art, and the preservation of traditional Uzbek artistic techniques. Through this research, the importance of strategic management in curating and expanding the easel painting collection is emphasized, ensuring its continued relevance in the artistic and cultural landscape of Uzbekistan.  

The Koryo-Saram, or ethnic Koreans of Central Asia, represent a unique and historically significant diaspora. Their migration began in the late 19th century as Koreans left the Korean Peninsula due to political unrest, poverty, and Japanese colonial rule. Over time, they settled in regions that are now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other parts of the former Soviet Union. Their story reflects the broader dynamics of migration, cultural adaptation, and identity preservation.

            Throughout their history, the Koryo-Saram have faced significant challenges, including forced deportations under Stalin’s regime in 1937. Despite linguistic erosion and pressures to assimilate into local cultures, they have managed to preserve elements of their Korean heritage, such as language, cuisine, and traditional festivals. At the same time, they have made substantial contributions to Central Asian societies, enriching these regions with their diverse cultural practices and expertise across various fields.

            The Koryo-Saram diaspora exemplifies resilience and adaptation, highlighting the complexities of maintaining cultural identity in the face of adversity. Their experience offers valuable insights into migration, identity negotiation, and the dynamics of integration under authoritarian regimes. As both preservers of Korean traditions and contributors to Central Asian cultures, the Koryo-Saram demonstrate the intricate balance between cultural preservation and assimilation, making their story an important subject within the broader study of diasporic communities. ‎

This article considers the factors that contributed to the development of the design of the Tashkent Museum, The Color Solution, and the design of the internal exposition. It analyzes the museum's modern design, the exposition environment, and the location of interactive devices in the sections.  ‎

This article examines human life, the system of relationships with others, and even with oneself, which are difficult to imagine without the internal ambivalence of experiencing the events of one's life.  ‎