The Philosophical Foundations of Human Moral Perfection in Me’yor Ul-Axloq

Abstract

The study examines the philosophical foundations of human moral perfection in Abdurahmon Sayyoh Toshkandiy’s Me’yor ul-axloq, one of the significant ethical works of early twentieth-century Turkestan. The research aims to reveal the conceptual relationship between the human soul, moral character, rationality, self-discipline, virtue, education, and social responsibility in Toshkandiy’s ethical thought. Historical-philosophical, hermeneutic, comparative, and conceptual methods are employed to reconstruct the author’s model of moral development. The analysis shows that Toshkandiy interprets moral perfection as the attainment of balance between the intellectual, irascible, and appetitive powers of the human personality. Moral maturity is therefore not an innate and unchangeable condition but a developmental achievement based on education, self-control, rational judgment, habituation, and conscious correction of undesirable traits. Particular attention is given to the categories of ruh, nafs, measure, virtue, vice, wisdom, courage, temperance, and moral education. The findings demonstrate that Me’yor ul-axloq combines traditional Islamic ethical principles with an educational and reformist orientation characteristic of the intellectual environment of Turkestan in the early twentieth century.