This article explores the psychological and social phenomena that influence the development of independent thinking in individuals, particularly within group dynamics and educational settings. Key concepts such as social comparison, counterfactual thinking, and social representations are examined to explain how individuals shape their thoughts and self-evaluations in relation to others. The research highlights how cultural values, social identity, and family influence affect independent decision-making. The paper also analyzes the difference between independent thinking and negative resistance (negativism) or conformity, emphasizing the importance of emotional resilience, self-respect, and self-knowledge. Drawing on the works of Dewey, Leary, and Perret-Clermont, the article underscores the role of curiosity, guided educational practice, and social interaction in fostering cognitive autonomy and psychological growth.

Independent thinking, social comparison, counterfactual thinking

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