European International Journal of Philological Sciences

The Representation of History and Romance in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Historical Novels

Soxibova O’g’iloy Nuraliyevna — 2025-09-13

Robert Louis Stevenson, best known for his adventure and psychological narratives, also made significant contributions to historical fiction. This article examines Stevenson’s historical novels, particularly Kidnapped (1886), Catriona (1893), and The Master of Ballantrae (1889), to explore how he combines historical accuracy with the imaginative elements of neo-romanticism. The study highlights Stevenson’s skill in merging the realities of Scottish history with universal themes of loyalty, betrayal, and moral conflict. By analyzing narrative strategies, character development, and the interplay between fact and fiction, the paper argues that Stevenson revitalized the historical novel in the late Victorian era. His works not only reflect the socio-political tensions of nineteenth-century Scotland but also anticipate the global readership of modern historical fiction.

Research Of Numeral Classifiers In Uzbek Linguistics

Vazira Salakhitdin kizi Khamidova — 2025-09-15

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation, usage, and study of numerative words in Uzbek linguistics. Numeratives act as mediators between numbers and countable nouns, specifying quantity and unity, and therefore occupy a special place in the language system as an important linguistic category. The study highlights the historical roots of Uzbek numeratives, their usage in written sources of the 15th–19th centuries, and their connection to Old Turkic. P. Hamdamov’s monograph Numeratives in Modern Uzbek is considered the first fundamental research in this field, analyzing the different terms under which numeratives are used. D. Khudayberganova’s research based on the Baburnama demonstrates the stylistic and semantic functions of numeratives in literary texts. In addition, the works of R. Ernazarov, F.G. Is’hoqov, H. Komilova, and others contributed to the identification of the grammatical and linguo-cultural features of numeratives. The research, conducted on the basis of comparative-historical and linguo-cultural approaches, also explores the significance of numeratives in reflecting national thought and cultural values. In conclusion, numeratives in Uzbek possess wide grammatical, semantic, and stylistic possibilities, and their further study deepens the understanding of the richness of the Uzbek language system.

Etymological Characteristics of Homonyms Belonging to The Noun and Adjective Categories In Hindi: A Morphosemantic And Diachronic Analysis

Nurmatova Zubayda Dilshod qizi — 2025-09-15

This article highlights the lexicological significance of etymological analysis in the process of learning foreign languages. Etymology is interpreted as a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their historical development, morphological structure, and semantic changes. The study examines the sources of lexical borrowings and the phonetic, morphological, and semantic transformations they have undergone. Based on the views of various scholars, the theoretical and applied aspects of etymology are summarized, and its role in linguistics is substantiated.

The article presents an etymological analysis of homonymous lexemes in Hindi, which are classified into four groups: tatsama, tadbhava, deshī, and videshī. Examples are collected for each group, and statistical analysis is conducted based on productive morphological patterns. Homonyms belonging to the tadbhava group are examined through the developmental stages of Pali, Prakrit, and Apabhramsha languages, focusing on phonetic and grammatical changes, from which linguistic conclusions are drawn.

Linguoculturological Study of Phraseological Units with the Lexeme “Weapon”

Maripova Khurshidakhon Muzafarjonovna — 2025-09-13

This article analyzes the linguoculturological features of phraseological units with the lexeme “weapon.” Semantic, grammatical, and translational aspects of phraseological expressions with the “weapon” component in German and Uzbek are compared. The role of historical events, national-cultural experience, and technical thinking in their formation is highlighted. Furthermore, the metaphorical meanings, usage domains, and the place of these units in spoken language are discussed. The study provides a comparative analysis of German phraseological units containing the “weapon” component and their equivalents in Uzbek.

Temporal Diction: A Comparative Analysis of Archaism and Slang in Literary and Cinematic Discourse

Dr. Eleanor Vance — 2025-09-01

Background: Archaism and slang sit at opposite ends of the linguistic spectrum, yet both are powerful tools for rooting a story in a specific time and place. While literary critics have picked apart their use in novels for decades, we still don't have a clear picture of what happens to these delicate linguistic markers when a story moves from page to screen.

Objective: This article tackles that gap. It offers a comparative discourse analysis of how archaism and slang function in a classic novel and then how they are transformed in its film adaptation. Using F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) [4] and a major film version as a case study, we'll track the impact of this media shift on the very texture of the story's language.

Methods: The study takes a qualitative approach, blending literary analysis with adaptation theory. Our framework pulls from sociolinguistic work on slang (Eble, 1996 [3]; Green, 2016 [5]), stylistic studies of archaism (Krysin, 2004) [8], and the foundational principles of adaptation laid out by Hutcheon (2013) [6]. To make sense of the film's dialogue, we also draw on the work of Kozloff (2000) [7].

Results: What we found is a strategic trade-off. The novel uses 1920s slang to create a feeling of authenticity and a formal, almost archaic narration to give it a timeless, tragic feel. Film adaptations, on the other hand, tend to flatten this specialized language. They often translate its purpose into visual cues, music, and performance, choosing to connect with a modern audience's emotions rather than sticking to strict linguistic history.

Conclusion: Moving slang and archaism from literature to film isn't a simple copy-paste job; it's a deep act of re-contextualization. This process shines a light on the different strengths of novels and films, showing how adaptive choices about language are absolutely critical in shaping a story’s tone, characters, and ultimate meaning.

The Concepts of Alvin Toffler and Seyyed Mohammad Khatami

Abduraximova Dilaram — 2025-09-15

This article examines the fundamental ideas of Alvin Toffler, the American futurist, and Seyyed Mohammad Khatami, the Iranian philosopher and politician. Toffler’s concept of the “Third Wave” emphasizes the transformations in society caused by the shift from agrarian to industrial and then to post-industrial stages, highlighting the role of information, technology, and knowledge in shaping the future. In contrast, Khatami’s “Dialogue Among Civilizations” stresses the importance of intercultural understanding, tolerance, and mutual respect as a foundation for global peace and cooperation. By comparing these two thinkers, the study reveals how technological progress and cultural dialogue represent complementary dimensions of modern civilization. The analysis demonstrates that both Toffler and Khatami offer essential insights into humanity’s efforts to construct a balanced, peaceful, and knowledge-based future.

Abu bakr abbas al-khwarezmi and his work “rasa’il al-khwarezmi”

Hulkar Muminjonovna Sulaymonova — 2025-09-14

During the 9th–12th centuries, the region of Mawarannahr, particularly Khwarezm, emerged as a major hub of Arabic-language literary creativity and scholarship. This region contributed significantly to the golden age of classical Arabic literature. Among the most prominent figures of this period was Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abbas al-Khwarezmi (935–993), a distinguished philologist, poet, and prose writer whose works are notable for their depth, diversity, and refined literary style. His key works — Diwan ash-Shi’r (The Book of Poetry), Rasa’il al-Khwarezmi (Khwarezmi’s Letters), and Al-Amsal al-Muwallad (Proverbs) — have survived to the present day and remain important both historically and literarily.

This article focuses primarily on the Rasa’il al-Khwarezmi, a unique collection of letters addressed to various individuals including rulers, ministers, friends, and scholars. These letters reflect the socio-political and cultural dynamics of the time, as well as Khwarezmi’s exceptional literary skill. The article consists of three interconnected parts:

A brief overview of Abu Bakr al-Khwarezmi’s life and literary heritage;
The significance of Rasa’il al-Khwarezmi in the development of Arabic epistolary literature;
An analysis of the work’s value as a historical and literary source.